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Winston Churchill

    30. november 1874 – 24. január 1965

    Tento britský štátnik, rečník a stratég je známy predovšetkým svojou nezdolnou silou vôle a vášnivou obranou slobody a demokracie. Jeho literárne dielo, za ktoré získal Nobelovu cenu za literatúru, sa vyznačuje majstrovským historickým a životopisným opisom. Prostredníctvom svojich esejí a historických diel vnáša čitateľov do zložitých politických a vojenských udalostí svojej doby. Jeho štýl je zároveň formálny a zároveň naliehavý, plný presvedčivej rétoriky a hlbokého vhľadu do ľudskej povahy.

    Winston Churchill
    The Second World War. Volume III
    Druhá světová válka. VI. Triumf a tragédie
    Vek revolúcií. Dejiny po anglicky hovoriacich národov III.
    Nový svet. Dejiny po anglicky hovoriacich národov II.
    Zrod Británie. Dejiny po anglicky hovoriacich národov I.
    Veľké demokracie. Dejiny po anglicky hovoriacich národov IV.
    • Štvrtý a záverečný zväzok výnimočnej historiografickej práce nositeľa Nobelovej ceny za literatúru sira Winstona S. Churchilla. Po Napoleonovom páde sa Británia dostala do pozície nespochybniteľnej vládkyne veľkej časti sveta. V nasledujúcich desaťročiach otriasli mnohými európskymi veľmocami revolúcie a občianske nepokoje, z ktorých sa zrodili nové národné spoločenstvá. Zatiaľ čo Amerika zamerala svoje úsilie na osídľovanie zvyšnej polovice severoamerického kontinentu, Británia sa postupne zmocňovala mnohých doposiaľ neobsadených území po celom svete. Kolonizácia Austrálie a Nového Zélandu i podmanenie Južnej Afriky podnietili vznik nového a ešte rozsiahlejšieho Britského impéria. Na čele tejto impozantnej ríše stála kráľovná Viktória. Krvavá občianska vojna v USA aj za cenu približne milióna ľudských životov vykorenila otroctvo v Spojených štátoch, no Únia napriek tomu prežila. Nová britská ríša bola založená na základe konsenzu a dobrovoľného spojenia autonómnych štátov pod záštitou Koruny. Po smrti kráľovnej Viktórie sa zdalo, že problémy minulých storočí sú na najlepšej ceste k postupnému vyriešeniu. V Európe sa však medzičasom začala dvíhať neskrotná a vulkanická energia teutónskej rasy, ktorú až doposiaľ utlmovala jej politická roztrieštenosť a prežívajúce stredoveké vládne formy.

      Veľké demokracie. Dejiny po anglicky hovoriacich národov IV.
      4,7
    • Prvý zväzok Zrod Británie sa venuje dejinám po anglicky hovoriacich národov od najranejších počiatkov až po predvečer objavenia Nového sveta Európanmi. Začína sa vylodením Caesara v Británii a končí na bosworthskom bojisku poslednou bitkou búrlivého anglického stredoveku a smrťou kráľa Richarda III. Píše sa rok 1485 a na anglický trón práve nastúpila nová dynastia. O sedem rokov neskôr sa Kolumbus vylodil pri brehoch Ameriky a od tohto dátumu, od roku 1492, sa začala nová éra v dejinách ľudstva. „Každý národ či skupina národov majú svoj vlastný osud. Znalosti o ťažkých skúškach a bojoch sú potrebné pre všetkých, ktorí chcú pochopiť problémy, nebezpečenstvá, úskalia a možnosti, ktoré sa pred nami dnes vynárajú. Ich cieľom nie je podnecovať nového ducha nadradenej rasy, ani vytvárať nový štýl v historiografii, ktorá by uprednostňovala národné ambície na úkor svetového mieru. Je však možné, že nás naša vnútorná selektívna sila skutočne povedie k trvalému rozširovaniu hraníc nášho vedomia. Predkladám túto knihu v nádeji, že úvahy o utrpení a strastiach našich predkov pomôžu posilniť nielen po anglicky hovoriace národy dneška, ale zohrajú čo i len malú úlohu pri zjednocovaní sveta.“ Sir Winston S. Churchill

      Zrod Británie. Dejiny po anglicky hovoriacich národov I.
      4,3
    • Aj za toto vrcholné dielo svetovej historiografie bol Sir Winston S. Churchill ocenený Nobelovou cenou za literatúru „za vytvorenie majstrovských historických a biografických prác“. „V priebehu dvoch storočí, zachytených v tomto zväzku, došlo k ďalekosiahlym zmenám. Európski dobrodruhovia objavili a osídlili Nový svet amerického kontinentu. Ďalšie nové svety sa ľudskému duchu otvorili na poli vedy a viery, poézie aj umenia. V rokoch 1485 až 1688 sa po anglicky hovoriace národy začali rozširovať po celej zemeguli. Stretli sa s mocným Španielskom a porazili ho. Po víťazstve na mori už nič nebránilo rýchlemu rozvoju amerických kolónií. Na západnom pobreží Atlantického oceánu vyrástli životaschopné a priebojné komunity, z ktorých postupom času vzišli Spojené štáty. Anglicko a Škótsko prijali protestantskú vieru. Obe ostrovné kráľovstvá sa zjednotili pod vládou škótskej dynastie. Večné a principiálne otázky boli dôvodom, že vypukla veľká občianska vojna. Pod vedením impozantnej osobnosti Olivera Cromwella podstúpila krajina republikánsky experiment. No národ si vyžiadal návrat ku kráľovskej tradícii. Na konci tohto zväzku už protestantskú vieru ochraňuje nizozemský panovník, parlament pokročil na ceste k zvrchovanosti v štátoprávnych otázkach, Amerika sa rýchlo rozvíja a stáročný, po celom svete prebiehajúci boj s Francúzskom, sa chýli ku koncu.” Sir Winston S. Churchill

      Nový svet. Dejiny po anglicky hovoriacich národov II.
      4,4
    • Každý národ či skupina národov majú svoj vlastný osud. Znalosti o ťažkých skúškach a bojoch sú potrebné pre všetkých, ktorí chcú pochopiť problémy, nebezpečenstvá, úskalia a možnosti, ktoré sa pred nami dnes vynárajú. Ich cieľom nie je podnecovať nového ducha nadradenej rasy, ani vytvárať nový štýl v historiografii, ktorá by uprednostňovala národné ambície na úkor svetového mieru. Predkladám túto knihu v nádeji, že úvahy o utrpení a strastiach našich predkov pomôžu posilniť nielen po anglicky hovoriace národy dneška, ale zohrajú čo i len malú úlohu pri zjednocovaní sveta. autor Tretí zväzok monumentálnej historiografickej práce jedného z najvýznamnejších politikov a spisovateľov XX. storočia, nositeľa Nobelovej ceny za literatúru, mapuje obdobie vlády Viliama Oranžského, boje za nezávislosť Spojených štátov, vojnu s Napoleonom až po víťaznú bitku pri Waterloo.

      Vek revolúcií. Dejiny po anglicky hovoriacich národov III.
      4,3
    • S autorovou anotací „jak velké demokracie triumfovaly a to jim umožnilo, aby se znovu dopustily hloupostí, které je už jednou málem stály život“. Svazek začíná popisem vylodění v Normandii dne 6. června roku 1944 a pokračuje líčením drtivých úspěchů protihitlerovské aliance na všech frontách, které vedly ke kapitulaci Německa 8. května 1945 a (po svržení atomové bomby na Hirošimu a Nagasaki) Japonska 2. září 1945. Velká pozornost je v knize věnována průběhu Jaltské a Postupimské konference, na kterých se začaly projevovat rozpory mezi spojenci, jejichž důsledkem byl rozpad aliance a rozpoutání tzv. studené války a vznik železné opony (odtud slovo tragédie v názvu svazku).

      Druhá světová válka. VI. Triumf a tragédie
      4,9
    • This volume details how the British continued their struggle amidst hardship until the Soviet Union and the United States were drawn into the great conflict. It covers military operations in the Balkans, the Mediterranean, Africa, and the Middle East, as well as the German invasion of the Soviet Union and the entry of the United States into the war following the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, spanning the period from November 1940 to December 1941.

      The Second World War. Volume III
      4,7
    • Closing the ring covers the decisive twelve months between June 1943 and June 1944. Command of the seas had returned to Allied hands, the U-boats were mastered and the Luftwaffe beaten. These achievements made possible the 'closing of the ring' which was to extinguish Axis resistance and eventually end the war. The danger was no longer defeat but stalemate. Russian armies were driving the German invaders back into their own country, Italy was freed from the fascist yoke and Africa was cleared. However, before the Allies lay the formidable task of invading the aggressors in their own land. Frankly and unreservedly, Sir Winston Churchill reveals the tensions and divergences of opinions concerning how best to achieve this among the three great partners, Britain, USA and Russia.

      The Second World War: Closing the Ring, volume V.
      4,7
    • Winston Churchill was not only a statesman and leader of historic proportions, he also possessed substantial literary talents. These two factors combine to make The Gathering Storm a unique work. The first volume of Churchill's memoirs, this selection is broken into two parts. The first, From War to War, consists of Churchill's critical observations on the settlement of World War I and its place in the causes of the Second World War. The second volume contains letters and memoranda from the British government--of which Churchill was part--as the country plunged unprepared into war. This stands as the best of history: written as it was made, by the man who made it.

      The Second World War Vol. 1 (The Gathering Storm)
      4,6
    • Druhá světová válka II

      Jejich nejskvělejší hodina

      Paměti jednoho z největších státníků našeho století.

      Druhá světová válka II
      4,6
    • Publikace vydaná k šedesátému výročí zahájení invaze do Normandie dává čtenáři nahlédnout do historie největšího válečného konfliktu tou nejpřímočařejší formou - dobovou fotografií. Přes 220 stran obrazových svědectví společně s popisem jednotlivých etap bojů vás provede od přípravy operace až po osvobození Paříže. Předmluvu k tomuto unikátnímu dílu napsal Winston S. Churchill (operace Overlord - od přípravy po osvobození Paříže)....

      D-Day: Operace Overlord: Od přípravy po osvobození Paříže
      4,7
    • Čtvrtý svazek válečných projevů. // Rok 1943 - obratník války. Němci se vzdávají u Stalingradu, spojenci obsazují severní Afriku a Sicilii, vláda Mussoliniho je poražena a Itálie kapituluje. Churchill zůstává rozvážným pozorovatelem a opatrným komentátorem událostí.

      Vzhůru k vítězství
      5,0
    • Covers the problems confronted by Churchill as he becomes Prime Minister, the Battle of France, the story of Dunkirk, the Battle of Britain, and the rebuilding of England's Army

      The second world war. Volume IV, The hinge of fate
      4,4
    • Do boje

      • 434 stránok
      • 16 hodin čítania
      Do boje
      5,0
    • Here, in his own words, are the fascinating first thirty years in the life of one of the most provocative and compelling leaders of the twentieth century: Winston Churchill. As a visionary, statesman, and historian, and the most eloquent spokesman against Nazi Germany, Winston Churchill was one of the greatest figures of the twentieth century. In this autobiography, Churchill recalls his childhood, his schooling, his years as a war correspondent in South Africa during the Boer War, and his first forays into politics as a member of Parliament. My Early Life not only gives readers insights into the shaping of a great leader but, as Churchill himself wrote, “a picture of a vanished age.” To fully understand Winston Churchill and his times, My Early Life is essential reading.

      My Early Life
      4,3
    • Kniha popisuje rok 1895, kdy v Indii povstal kmen Čitralů a pobil britskou posádku. Vzrušující zpráva tehdy začínajícího dopisovatele listu Daily Telegraph o boji britské posádky.

      Příběh malakandského sboru
      4,2
    • Čtvrtý svazek válečných projevů. // Rok 1943 - obratník války. Němci se vzdávají u Stalingradu, spojenci obsazují severní Afriku a Sicilii, vláda Mussoliniho je poražena a Itálie kapituluje. Churchill zůstává rozvážným pozorovatelem a opatrným komentátorem událostí.

      Konec začátku ; Vzhůru k vítězství ; Červánky osvobození
    • K 70. výročí od konce 2. sv. války nové vydání proslulých válečných pamětí britského premiéra sira W. S. Churchilla. Dokumenty shromážděné v těchto svazcích poskytují přehled nesmírně závažných událostí, jak je ve své době viděl člověk, který nesl hlavní tíhu odpovědnosti za válku a politiku Britského impéria i dominií. „Pochybuji, zda existuje či existoval podobný záznam o každodenním vedení války a řízení státu. Nepopisuji to jako historii, neboť to přísluší další generaci. Ale s důvěrou prohlašuji, že je to příspěvek historii, který poslouží budoucnosti.“ - Winston S. Churchill

      Druhá světová válka I.-VI.
      4,9
    • Memoirs of the Second World War

      An Abridgement of the Six Volumes of The Second World War

      • 1065 stránok
      • 38 hodin čítania

      The quintessential account of the Second World War as seen by Winston Churchill, its greatest leader As Prime Minister of Great Britain from 1940 to 1945, Winston Churchill was not only the most powerful player in World War II, but also the free world's most eloquent voice of defiance in the face of Nazi tyranny. Churchill's epic accounts of those times, remarkable for their grand sweep and incisive firsthand observations, are distilled here in a single essential volume. Memoirs of the Second World War is a vital and illuminating work that retains the drama, eyewitness details, and magisterial prose of his classic six-volume history and offers an invaluable view of pivotal events of the twentieth century.

      Memoirs of the Second World War
      4,5
    • The Crisis

      • 486 stránok
      • 18 hodin čítania

      Set against the backdrop of St. Louis, Missouri, this historical novel explores the tensions and events leading up to the American Civil War. Through the perspectives of prominent local citizens, the narrative delves into the conflicting loyalties between Northern and Southern forces, highlighting the complexities of the era. The author weaves a rich tapestry of historical detail, immersing readers in the critical moments that shaped the conflict.

      The Crisis
      5,0
    • Closing the Ring

      • 749 stránok
      • 27 hodin čítania

      The drive to victory between June 1943 and July 1944, as the Allies consolidate their achievements, with enormous difficulty and great divergence of opinion.

      Closing the Ring
      4,4
    • Painting as a Pastime

      • 96 stránok
      • 4 hodiny čítania

      A glorious essay by Winston Churichill about one of his favourite pastimes, painting.

      Painting as a Pastime
      5,0
    • This is a one-volume condensation of Churchill's six-volume history of World War II. Condensed in 1959, it includes an epilogue on the years 1945-57 thus including Hiroshima and VJ, his "Iron Curtain" speech and his second premiership.

      The Second World War
      4,4
    • A History of the English-Speaking Peoples

      • 656 stránok
      • 23 hodin čítania

      An authoritative survey of the history of English-speaking peoples throughout the world combines intriguing, closely observed biographical profiles—of Alfred the Great, Victoria, Joan of Arc, Lincoln, and other notables—with an account of the key events and issues of the era. The narrative commences fifty-five years before the birth of Christ, when Julius Caesar famously “turned his gaze upon Britain,” and concludes in the year 1900. The beginnings of Parliament, the Church, and the monarchy are all analyzed alongside this comprehensive abridgment.

      A History of the English-Speaking Peoples
      4,3
    • Marlborough

      His Life and Times, Book One

      • 1050 stránok
      • 37 hodin čítania

      Focusing on the life of John Churchill, the Duke of Marlborough, this work offers a blend of homage and historical insight from his descendant, Sir Winston Churchill. It delves into the remarkable military and political achievements of one of England's greatest commanders, providing a personal perspective on his legacy and influence.

      Marlborough
      4,3
    • Originally published: London: Thornton Butterworth Ltd., 1939.

      Step by Step
      4,0
    • Never Give In!

      • 558 stránok
      • 20 hodin čítania

      THIS CD CONTAINS: Historical Winston Churchill Memoirs SpeechesSecond World War News of the years: 1937, 1938, 1939, 1940, 1941, 1942, 1943, 1944, 1945Speeches of the years: 1934, 1936, 1938, 1939, 1940, 1941, 1942, 1943, 1944, 1945, 1946, 1948, 1954, 1963

      Never Give In!
      4,2
    • Winston Churchill was the most eloquent and expressive statesman of his time. It was as an orator that Churchill became most completely alive, and it was through his oratory that his words made their greatest and most enduring impact. While the definitive collection of Churchill's speeches fills eight volumes, here for the first time, his grandson, Winston S. Churchill, has put together a personal selection of his favorite speeches in a single, indispensable volume. He has chosen from his grandfather's entire output and thoughtfully introduces each selection. The book covers the whole of Churchill's life, from the very first speech he made to those of his last days. It includes some of Churchill's best-known speeches as well as some that have never before been published in popular form. Today, Sir Winston Churchill is revered as an indomitable figure and his wisdom is called upon again and again. Reading these speeches, from the perspective of a new century, we can once again see Sir Winston Churchill's genius and be moved and inspired by his words.

      Never Give In! The Best of Winston Churchill's Speeches
      4,2
    • As first lord of the admiralty and minister for war and air, Churchill stood resolute at the center of international affairs. In this classic account, he dramatically details how the tides of despair and triumph flowed and ebbed as the political and military leaders of the time navigated the dangerous currents of world conflict. Churchill vividly recounts the major campaigns that shaped the war: the furious attacks of the Marne, the naval maneuvers off Jutland, Verdun's "soul-stirring frenzy," and the surprising victory of Chemins des Dames. Here, too, he re-creates the dawn of modern warfare: the buzz of airplanes overhead, trench combat, artillery thunder, and the threat of chemical warfare. In Churchill's inimitable voice we hear how "the war to end all wars" instead gave birth to every war that would follow, including the current war in Iraq. Written with unprecedented flair and knowledge of the events, The World Crisis remains the single greatest history of World War I, essential reading for anyone who wishes to understand the twentieth century.

      The World Crisis
      4,2
    • D-Day

      Operation Overlord: From Its Planning to the Liberation of Paris

      • 224 stránok
      • 8 hodin čítania

      This huge, in-depth recap of the planning, build-up and execution of D-Day begins with with hour-by-hour and beach-by-beach descriptions of the landings, each graphically illustrated with battle photography and full-color maps with explanatory keys. The book goes on to describe the fierce battles at Normandy, the Allied breakout into France and the liberation of Paris. Rare photography from archives and collections throughout the U.S., Great Britain and France is accompanied by color photographs of museum pieces and artifacts, including the uniforms and personal effects of Eisenhower, Montgomery, Patton and Bradlet, as well as personal mementos of U.S. Rangers and British airborne troops. Copyright © Libri GmbH. All rights reserved.

      D-Day
      3,5
    • The Quotable Winston Churchill

      • 208 stránok
      • 8 hodin čítania

      This tiny tome featuring a faux leather binding with embossed type and illustration is filled with Winston Churchill's biography, his most inspirational quotes, and excerpts from some of his most famous speeches.

      The Quotable Winston Churchill
      4,1
    • We Will All Go Down Fighting To The End

      • 144 stránok
      • 6 hodin čítania

      'Wars are not won by evacuations' 'We can take it!' 'Westward look, the land is bright' This collection of speeches from one of the great modern orators includes Churchill's famous words on the declaration of war with Germany, as well as his rousing call to the British in June 1940 after Dunkirk, and his immortal tribute to the young men fighting in the Battle of Britain. GREAT IDEAS. Throughout history, some books have changed the world. They have transformed the way we see ourselves - and each other. They have inspired debate, dissent, war and revolution. They have enlightened, outraged, provoked and comforted. They have enriched lives - and destroyed them. Now Penguin brings you the works of the great thinkers, pioneers, radicals and visionaries whose ideas shook civilization and helped make us who we are.

      We Will All Go Down Fighting To The End
      4,2
    • This book is made up of twenty-three articles, all of which had previously been published elsewhere.

      Thoughts and Adventures
      4,0
    • Churchill in his own words

      • 640 stránok
      • 23 hodin čítania

      "Covering every aspect of Churchill's career, this is the definitive collection of his words, edited by one of the foremost Churchill scholars. The most complete and accurate collection of Churchill's words ever published; Churchill in His Own Words explores his remarkable life and times through his own sharp humour, vivid insight and legendary wisdom." --Back cover.

      Churchill in his own words
      4,1
    • My African Journey

      • 118 stránok
      • 5 hodin čítania

      The travelogue captures Winston Churchill's exploration of British East Africa in 1907, showcasing his observations and experiences in modern-day Kenya and Uganda. Originally serialized in The Strand Magazine, the narrative reflects Churchill's insights into the landscapes, cultures, and wildlife of the region, offering a blend of adventure and historical context. His vivid descriptions and personal anecdotes provide a unique perspective on early 20th-century colonial Africa.

      My African Journey
      3,8
    • Liberalism and the Social Problem

      • 196 stránok
      • 7 hodin čítania

      A captivating collection of early parliamentary speeches from one of the twentieth century's most renowned orators and statesmen, who won the 1953 Nobel Prize in Literature. In 1904, Winston S. Churchill joined the Liberal Party and, following their ascent to power, became Under-Secretary of State for the Colonies, emerging as a key government figure outside the Cabinet, later joining it in 1908. The speeches address critical issues of the time, such as the constitutions for the defeated Boer republics of Transvaal and the Orange River Colony, and the 'People's Budget,' a wealth redistribution initiative by the Liberal Government. The contentious debate over this budget ignited a fierce conflict between the Government and the House of Lords, marking the first significant challenge to the Commons' authority since the 17th century. This struggle ultimately led to the Parliament Act of 1911, which curtailed the power of the House of Lords and reinforced the legislative authority of the House of Commons. This collection not only holds historical significance but also offers profound insights into the early political thought and evolution of Churchill, who would later become Prime Minister during Britain's most challenging times in World War II.

      Liberalism and the Social Problem
      3,0
    • Churchill : the power of words

      • 512 stránok
      • 18 hodin čítania

      Gilbert, a renowned historian and official biographer of Churchill, selects 100 of the finest writings and speeches by Churchill. These express the leader's thoughts and describe the main adventures and crises of his life coupled with Gilbert's commentary.

      Churchill : the power of words
      4,0
    • Love Letters of Great Men

      • 108 stránok
      • 4 hodiny čítania

      When Carrie Bradshaw in the "Sex and the City" movie began reading Love Letters of Great Men, millions of women wanted to get their hands on the book. Although the book Carrie was reading from was not real, the letters are-including the Beethoven one quoted by Mr. Big at their wedding ceremony. Here are the actual love letters for you to enjoy and treasure! "These letters express such heartfelt emotions and the bliss of new love... I finally realized how men experience love and it is especially beautiful!" - Rebecca of Amazon (Top 500 Reviewer) Featuring: A helpful background sketch for every writer and love letter Nearly 70 photographs of the letter authors and their lovers Most popular and best-selling Love Letters book-thousands of copies sold every year!!! Written by these Great Men: John Adams, Sullivan Ballou, Honor� de Balzac, Ludwig Van Beethoven Napoleon Bonaparte, Robert Browning, Robert Burns, Lord Byron, Winston Churchill John Constable, Alfred Duff Cooper, Pierre Curie, Scott F. Fitzgerald, Nathaniel Hawthorne Henry VI of France, Victor Hugo, James Joyce, Franz Liszt, Jack London, Mozart, Robert Peary Edgar Allen Poe, Sir Walter Raleigh, Sir Robert Schumann, Dylan Thomas, Mark Twain Vincent Van Gogh, Voltaire, Woodrow Wilson

      Love Letters of Great Men
      3,9
    • The Wicked Wit of Winston Churchill

      • 162 stránok
      • 6 hodin čítania

      Sir Winston Churchill was the greatest orator of his day, the greatest leader of the Second World War, the greatest statesman of his age, and the greatest Englishman of the 20th century. The debt owed to him by the free world remains immensurable.Yet at the heart of this often intimidating colossus lay a man of vast humanity, enormous wit and boundless humour, much of it mischievous. His most famous speeches and sayings have passed into history and into everyday language, but many of his aphorisms, puns, "bons mots", jokes - often at his own or others' expense - are less well known. This enchanting collection gathers hundreds of his funniest and wickedest quips in tribute to the exhilarating wit of this great-hearted, infuriatingly conceited, wildly funny, and brilliantly talented Englishman.

      The Wicked Wit of Winston Churchill
      3,8
    • A Traveller In War Time

      • 56 stránok
      • 2 hodiny čítania

      Set against the backdrop of World War I, this travel narrative offers a compelling account of Winston Churchill's experiences in the war-torn landscapes of Europe. Written during the early 20th century, it reflects on the profound impacts of conflict, blending personal observations with historical insights. The prose captures the tumultuous atmosphere of the time, providing readers with a poignant glimpse into the realities of war and the resilience of the human spirit.

      A Traveller In War Time
      3,2
    • The drive to victory between June 1943 and July 1944, as the Allies consolidate their achievements, with enormous difficulty and great divergence of opinion.

      The Second World War 5. Closing the Ring