The book explores the historical roots of English insurance, highlighting the development of the first English insurance code and its connections to continental mercantile practices. It delves into the evolution of insurance in England, offering insights into how these early regulations shaped modern insurance systems.
The book examines the development of legal causation in Italy from the fourteenth to the seventeenth centuries, focusing especially on practice-oriented literature (decisiones and consilia). Causality began to be discussed from the late thirteenth century and especially during the first half of the fourteenth when it was described as ordinatio. In private law, ordinatio remained the standard approach to causation during the entire early modern period: centuries of legal practice mainly refined its scope but did not change its core. By contrast, its application in criminal law would increasingly crash with the intentionality requirement, and so it was progressively challenged.
When is it possible to hold valid an act done unlawfully? To answer the question, medieval civil lawyers focused mainly on the case of a slave elected praetor in the mistaken belief that he was a Roman citizen. Most jurists argued that the validity of an act should depend on the validity of its source. But whilst early civil lawyers thought that the source was the person vested with some specific powers (such as the judge, the notary, etc.), later on they began to think of the person as representative of an office, and to ascribe the acts directly to the office itself. This evolution – and so, the foundations of the concept of ostensible authority – was due to the influence of canon lawyers, who had to deal with a similar problem: what if a bishop was secretly heretical?
Autobiographical analysis of the extension of conflicts of interest to the entire system of world capitalism with the risk of becoming a sort of supporting structure.