Material characterization involves measuring and determining a material's physical, chemical, mechanical, and microstructural properties. This process enhances understanding of failure causes and process-related issues, enabling manufacturers to make informed material choices. The field is extensive, beginning with the principle that characterization aids in discovering new materials: measuring properties fosters experimental improvement; unique measurements enable specific enhancements; and understanding compositional and structural foundations leads to rational improvements. Characterization is essential before utilizing materials to ensure they perform reliably throughout the product's lifespan. Depending on the intended use, materials may undergo mechanical, thermal, chemical, optical, electrical, and other characterizations. This book emphasizes widely used experimental methods for structural, morphological, and spectroscopic characterization. It discusses recent advancements in various techniques and their application in quantifying material properties. Additionally, it addresses practical aspects of analytical techniques for characterizing functional materials, both in bulk and thin film forms, in a clear and comprehensive manner. Targeted at a diverse audience, from beginners to experts in academia and industry, the book consolidates essential characterization methods for material research students across eight chapter
