Michael Tomasello Poradie kníh

"A scientific analysis of agency in the real world-which animal types have it and which don't-written by the top researcher in the field"-- Provided by publisher

Fast alle Theorien darüber, wie der Mensch zu einer so einzigartigen Spezies geworden ist, konzentrieren sich auf die Evolution. Michael Tomasello legt mit seinem faszinierenden Buch eine komplementäre Theorie vor, die sich auf die kindliche Entwicklung konzentriert. Aufbauend auf den bahnbrechenden Ideen von Lev Vygotskij, erklärt sein empiriegesättigtes Modell, wie sich das, was uns menschlich macht, in den ersten Lebensjahren herausbildet. Tomasello bietet drei Jahrzehnte experimenteller Arbeit mit Schimpansen, Bonobos und Menschenkindern auf, um einen neuen theoretischen Rahmen für das psychologische Wachstum zwischen Geburt und siebtem Lebensjahr vorzuschlagen. Er identifiziert acht Merkmale, die den Menschen von seinen engsten Verwandten unterscheiden: soziale Kognition, Kommunikation, kulturelles Lernen, kooperatives Denken, Zusammenarbeit, Prosozialität, soziale Normen und moralische Identität. Auch Menschenaffen besitzen diesbezüglich rudimentäre Fähigkeiten. Aber erst die Anlage des Menschen zu geteilter Intentionalität verwandelt diese Fähigkeiten in die einzigartige menschliche Kognition und Sozialität. Mit seiner radikalen Neubewertung der Ontogenese zeigt Tomasello, wie die Biologie die Bedingungen schafft, unter denen die Kultur ihre Arbeit verrichtet. (Quelle: buchhandel.de)

Winner of the William James Book Award “Magisterial...Makes an impressive argument that most distinctly human traits are established early in childhood and that the general chronology in which these traits appear can at least—and at last—be identified.” —Wall Street Journal “Theoretically daring and experimentally ingenious, Becoming Human squarely tackles the abiding question of what makes us human.” —Susan Gelman, University of Michigan Virtually all theories of how humans have become such a distinctive species focus on evolution. Becoming Human proposes a complementary theory of human uniqueness, focused on development. Building on the seminal ideas of Vygotsky, it explains how those things that make us most human are constructed during the first years of a child’s life. In this groundbreaking work, Michael Tomasello draws from three decades of experimental research with chimpanzees, bonobos, and children to propose a new framework for psychological growth between birth and seven years of age. He identifies eight pathways that differentiate humans from their primate relatives: social cognition, communication, cultural learning, cooperative thinking, collaboration, prosociality, social norms, and moral identity. In each of these, great apes possess rudimentary abilities, but the maturation of humans’ evolved capacities for shared intentionality transform these abilities into uniquely human cognition and sociality.

The evolution of human moral psychology is meticulously explored through experimental comparisons between great apes and human children. Michael Tomasello outlines two pivotal evolutionary steps: first, the necessity for early humans to collaborate for survival led to the development of joint intentionality and shared commitments. Second, as populations grew, complex divisions of labor fostered cultural identities, resulting in collective intentionality and established norms of morality. This dual process shaped contemporary humans' ability to engage in both personal and communal moral frameworks.

Dlaczego ludzie potrafią przyjąć perspektywę wspólnego celu, a w jego realizacji, posługując się językiem, doskonale skoordynować swoje działania i to nie tylko w gronie najbliższych krewnych, ale nawet wśród obcych? Według Tomasella odpowiedź na to pytanie sięga najgłębszych korzeni ludzkiej natury. Amerykański badacz, na podstawie obserwacji oraz licznych eksperymentów z udziałem różnych gatunków małp a także dzieci, przekonuje, że my, ludzie, jesteśmy z natury skłonni do altruizmu przejawiającego się w trzech wymiarach: dzielenia się z innymi żywnością, informacjami oraz niesienia im pomocy. Książkę zawiera także eseje komentujące teorię Tomasella autorstwa Carol Dweck, Joan Silk, Briana Skyrmsa oraz Elizabeth Spelke. Michael Tomasello - światowej sławy amerykański psycholog rozwojowy, dyrektor Instytutu Antropologii Ewolucyjnej im. Maksa Plancka. Laureat wielu prestiżowych nagród, m.in. Mind & Brian Prize, Center for Cognitive Science (2007), Max Planck Research Award, Humboldt Foundation (2010), Wiley Prize in Psychology, the British Academy (2011). Autor książki Historia naturalna ludzkiego myślenia (CCPress 2015).

"The Classic Edition of The New Psychology of Language, Volume I will continue to be recommended reading for psychology students and researchers who study psychology, cognitive science, psycholinguistics, and developmental psycholinguistics"--

"The Classic Edition of The New Psychology of Language, Volume I will continue to be recommended reading for psychology students and researchers who study psychology, cognitive science, psycholinguistics, and developmental psycholinguistics"--

A Wall Street Journal Favorite Read of the Year A Guardian Top Science Book of the Year Tool-making or culture, language or religious belief: ever since Darwin, thinkers have struggled to identify what fundamentally differentiates human beings from other animals. In this much-anticipated book, Michael Tomasello weaves his twenty years of comparative studies of humans and great apes into a compelling argument that cooperative social interaction is the key to our cognitive uniqueness. Once our ancestors learned to put their heads together with others to pursue shared goals, humankind was on an evolutionary path all its own. “Michael Tomasello is one of the few psychologists to have conducted intensive research on both human children and chimpanzees, and A Natural History of Human Thinking reflects not only the insights enabled by such cross-species comparisons but also the wisdom of a researcher who appreciates the need for asking questions whose answers generate biological insight. His book helps us to understand the differences, as well as the similarities, between human brains and other brains.” —David P. Barash, Wall Street Journal

Understanding cooperation as a distinctly human combination of innate and learned behavior.